Persuasive Memorandum Essay

Under Armor has set up itself as an exceptionally effective games wear brand, the explanation behind its prosperity is the way that items fabricated by U.A are planned with full comprehension of an athlete’s needs. The U.A’s marked store at Annapolis gives off an impression of being profoundly famous among sports fans as it offers them a special chance to encounter the whole scope of U.A’s items 2 The business partners at the Annapolis store are a profoundly educated group, and have an inside and out information on U.A’s broad product offering. By and by our business partners are exceptionally equipped for helping clients in picking the correct item for a proposed reason, anyway there is a need to retrain our business group so that notwithstanding tending to the clients planned reason, they can decide the clients state of being or body type and suggest an item that preferably suits the client. For what reason does U.A need to retrain its Sales Associates? No two people can ever be same so an item that suits one person’s body type may not really suite the others body type. For example when a client requests a couple running shoe, our business partners will be equipped for demonstrating them the total scope of running shoes, and afterward let the client take his pick. So as to ensure consumer loyalty it is fundamental to decide the clients foot type, regardless of whether he/she has a supinator, pronator or nonpartisan angled foot 3. This information will enable the deals to partner to suggest a shoe that is destined to give ideal fit and augment execution. Similarly different items, for example, inward wear need to affirm to the wearer’s state of being so as to guarantee an ideal fit and solace, henceforth a retraining program is required to build up these aptitudes among our business partners. Points of interest of the retraining program The retraining project will increase the value of the Under Armor brand, individuals will start to recognize the brand as one that really helps competitors in accomplishing prevalent execution. Consumer loyalty levels may increment, since when clients are given an item that suits both their need and their body type, there is rarely space for protests. The retraining project will make the business partner progressively certain and help them to expand their insight base, and get familiar with recently presented item classes, for example, footwear which was propelled in April 2006 4. The idea of giving significant level specialized help to purchasers will fill in as an expansion to the company’s U.S.P’s (Unique Selling Points), this may prompt increment in company’s retail deals. Significant Concerns identified with the retraining program An essential concern identified with the retraining program is that, it will impact the tasks over a few divisions. Amendment and up degree of the current item preparing project will require teamed up exertion from item plan division and the preparation office thus this may impact typical tasks of the item structure office, anyway the benefits of the retraining system will far exceed minor burdens that will be experienced during the time spent actualizing this thought. Worries about the preparation program hampering the store tasks can be dealt with by isolating the business partners into most extreme number of little groups, this will guarantee that adequate staff is accessible at the store while each cluster thusly experiences escalated item preparing. It is trusted that the retraining project will help in production of a profoundly talented deals power equipped for furnishing the clients with an exceptional shopping experience.

Loyalty Program Essay

We experience 7 methodology steps to structure a steadfastness program for Cabo San Viejo which are as per the following:  Before we propose a client prizes or dedication program, it is critical to comprehend what is the company’s long haul vision, For whom this program is to be executed I. e. who are the company’s best clients, what are their needs and desires, the explanations behind having such a program and the normal result. So the primary inquiry is: What is Cabo San Viejo’s long haul vision? Was the organization coordinating its exercises in generally accomplishment of this vision? The vision of the organization was to assist individuals with living more beneficial lives. At first there was a hole between the operational targets of causing individuals to get in shape by method of low calorie diet and the vision of getting individuals to live more advantageous lives by instilling manageable way of life ways. Be that as it may, this hole had been spanned yet the situating hole remained. Who were Cabo San Viejo’s focused on clients? Was there any hole among focused and genuine clients? On the off chance that we pass by the vision explanation, anyone needing to carry on with a superior and more advantageous life was Cabo San Viejo’s focused on clients. These could incorporate smokers, corpulent people, even stout kids, focused on couples or singles, obsessive worker experts, over worked top officials and directors and so on. Be that as it may, Cabo San Viejo was drawing in generally females (70%-80% of the visitors) with an expanding normal age throughout the years, the last normal being 57 in the year 2004. In this way, generally more established females were visiting the hotel who needed to entertain themselves and rest easy thinking about their body and themselves. Additionally, their family unit pay was high. Contrasting this and the mid year visitors, the last gathering had less salary and was additionally similarly more youthful in populace. In this manner, we can interface the age, pay level and reasonableness. Generally more youthful individuals are less well off and hence find such excursions costly. Not just this, the impression of Cabo San Viejo first as a fat camp and afterward as a training camp was disheartening individuals to come there. Likewise, 67% of visitors came through verbal exchange showing that the above line showcasing was performing ineffectively. Crusades focusing on explicit gatherings of individuals demonstrating guilty pleasure in exercises of their advantage like climbing for youthful group, spa treatment for ladies, counsel for couples and so forth would probably draw out the differed wellbeing arrangements offered by Cabo San Viejo. What were the necessities of the visitors at Cabo San Viejo? Was there any hole in addressing the requirements or their desires? The individual needs of the clients shifted a considerable amount. To comprehend and take into account the necessities of the clients, the organization had proficiently prepared its booking staff who helped clients pick the proper bundle as per their objectives and destinations. The very certainty that 95% of the clients evaluated their experience as either generally excellent or exceptional shows that Cabo San Viejo was working effectively. Notwithstanding, if Cabo San Viejo was to focus on an all the more requesting and more youthful client base in future, it would need to surpass is present conveyance guarantee. The requirements have been met yet the desires for rehash clients have not been fulfilled some of whom have communicated their hatred for not being remunerated for their proceeded with patronization. Along these lines we have perceived: Perception of Cabo San Viejo as a training camp should have been changed. †¢Young clients should have been pulled in. As they had better standards and littler pockets, devotion program expected to concentrate on offer by methods for limits and so forth. †¢Older clients were generally wealthier and would not be searching for a worth arrangement like the more youthful clients. Cabo San Viejo had around 5000 recurrent clients every year which a sound figure is making up about 60% of the all out appearance figure. Around 3500 new visitors show up every time of which 32% returned to inside 5-6 years and 62% of rehash guests returned inside 5-6 years. The essential purpose behind not returning was the significant expenses. Here we emphasize that to draw in more recurrent clients, esteem must be advertised. For what reason does Cabo San Viejo need a client dependability program? †¢Retention: One of the essential purposes behind most dependability programs is o hold the steadfast clients by valuing them and the business they create for the organization by causing them to feel uncommon and great about their relationship with the organization. †¢Offer upgraded incentive: A dedication program which offers a worth arrangement to its clients who need it will get Cabo San Viejo more patronization. In any case, it is to be comprehended that not all clients require or expect esteem bargains. Upgraded Satisfaction: Recognition by method of dependability program causes a client to feel great and along these lines improves fulfillment which thusly prompts progressively positive informal. †¢Positive Word of Mouth: Around 60% of Cabo San Viejo’s clients brought in for request dependent on verbal. †¢Enhance picture as a responsive organization: Cabo San Viejo expressly urges clients to whine if unsatisfied. It is through such inputs that Cabo San Viejo must realize that clients anticipate such a program usage. At whatever point an organization requests and gets grievances, it is ideal to react or may prompt client disdain. Counter Competition: If not compensated for dedication, clients may change to different contenders. What amount is the ideal/anticipated effect? Having dissected this, we currently gauge the effect. The effect of a faithfulness program is normally steady and seen over some stretch of time. The normal increment in maintenance is state, 10%1 over a time of state, 5 years2. Likewise, individuals originating from reference is relied upon to increment throughout the years empowering the organization to cut promoting costs somewhere else. 1The expected maintenance rate is found either dependent on inward organization information or industry master exhortation.

Bilateral Cingulotomy Surgery for OCD and Depression

Bilateral Cingulotomy Surgery for OCD and Depression September 17, 2019  TEK IMAGE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/Getty Images More in Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Symptoms Diagnosis Bilateral cingulotomy is a type of brain surgery considered a last resort for people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It is also used to treat major depression and occasionally chronic pain for persons who havent found relief from any other form of therapy. This surgery targets two parts of the brain: The cingulate gyrus, which helps regulate emotions and painThe frontal lobes, whose functions include reasoning, impulse control, and judgment Surgical procedures in psychiatry are controversial, and most doctors will not perform a bilateral cingulotomy unless all other avenues of treatment have been exhausted. Many neurosurgeons, in fact, will require consent from both the patient and a close family member before proceeding with the operation. Bilateral cingulotomy was first proposed as an alternative to the lobotomy in 1947 by American physiologist John Farquhar Fulton. Rationale for Bilateral Cingulotomy The cingulate gyrus serves a unique purpose in the brain, connecting experiences and sensations to either pleasant or unpleasant memory. Among other things, it induces an emotional response to pain and can connect that response to one or more of our senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, sound). The cingulate gyrus also completes the circuit to another part of the brain called the caudate nucleus, whose function it is to form habits. It is believed that by disrupting these circuits, the connection between painful emotion and habitual behavior will also be disrupted. How the Surgery Is Performed To perform a bilateral cingulotomy, an electrode or gamma knife (a targeted radiation device) is guided to the cingulate gyrus by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). There, the surgeon will make a half-inch cut or burn to severe the circuit. Recovery from the operation takes around four days. Side effects are generally mild, with some experiencing headache, nausea, and vomiting in the days following the surgery. The surgery may also trigger seizures in some, although this typically happens in those with a previous history of seizures. Some people complain of apathy following surgery, while others will experience memory lapses. These are uncommon side effects, but potential risks that candidates of the surgery would need to consider. Effectiveness of Bilateral Cingulotomy While bilateral cingulotomy can offer an improvement to some living with OCD, it is by no means a cure-all. A 2016 review of clinical studies concluded that 41 percent of patients who had undergone a bilateral cingulotomy had responded to the procedure with 14 percent experiencing short-term side effects and five percent experiencing serious side effects. Bilateral cingulotomy appears to be least effective in persons with treatment-refractory OCD. Treatment-refractory OCD is diagnosed in persons who have achieved little if any response to at least two different selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) drugs. It is also seen to be less useful in persons with more severe manifestations of the disorder, including OCD-related hoarding. Bilateral cingulotomy has also been used to treat people with chronic refractory pain (pain which cannot be treated by any known means). A systematic review of studies has shown that the procedure resulted in significant pain relief in more than 60 percent of patients for up to a year following surgery. Of these, more than half of these indicated that they no longer needed painkillers. While some studies have proposed bilateral cingulotomy for persons with treatment-resistant bipolar disorder, studies have thus far been inconclusive. As such, it is currently not endorsed as a means of bipolar treatment.

The Human Rights Code - 1228 Words

Facts This is an application filed under s. 34 of the Human Rights Code, R.S.O. 1990, c. H. 191 alleging discrimination in the workplace environment due to sex, including sexual harassment as a factor. In September of 2010, the respondent was working as a doctor’s assistant at a clinic in Toronto, where the applicant worked as a secretary. The applicant, upon the respondent’s request, stayed after work hours for training regarding re-ordering medicine. During this time, the respondent asked if he could check the applicant’s blood pressure, which she allowed, but after the respondent put his hand on her thigh, she immediately withdrew back and said no. The applicant continued on her training, but when she did not receive a response from the†¦show more content†¦7. (3)(a) of the Human Rights Code, R.S.O. 1990, c.H. 19 4. s. 10 of the Human Rights Code, R.S.O. 1990, c.H. 19 5. Janzen v. Platy Enterprises Ltd., [1989] 1 S.C.R. 1252 6. Smith v. The Rover’s Rest, 2013 HRTO 700 Analysis Section 7.(2)2 of the Human Rights Code states that, â€Å"Every person who is an employee has a right to freedom from harassment in the workplace because of sex †¦ by his or her employer or agent of the employer or by another employee. Section 7.(3)(a)3 further goes on to state that every person has a right to be free from, a sexual solicitation †¦ where the person making the solicitation or advances knows or ought reasonably to know that it is unwelcome. In s. 104, â€Å"harassment† is defined as engaging in a course of †¦ conduct that is known or ought reasonably to be known as unwelcome. The applicant, on numerous occasions, told the respondent to stop when he forced her to engage in sexual activity. The respondent ought to have known his behavior was unwelcome by the applicant repeatedly saying ‘no.’ This entails a violation of her human rights under the code.1 Janzen v. Platy Enterprises Ltd5 defines sexual harassment in the workplace as, â€Å"Unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature that detrimentally affects the work environment or leads to adverse job-related consequences for the victims of harassment.† Janzen5 further goes on to state that when sexual harassment occurs in the workplace, it is an abuse of both economic and sexual power. This type of behavior in

Non-Linear Narrative Structures Have Deeply Influenced How...

Narrative in visual culture May 14th 2012 Vis Com 1st Year Non-linear narrative structures have deeply influenced how subjects are presented in visual culture. Joanne Duff DT545 Vis Com 1st Year Non-linear narrative structures have deeply influenced how subjects are presented in visual culture. The first movie I looked at was Irrà ©versible, a French movie written, directed and produced by Gasper Noà ©. Noà © employs a non-linear narrative to force the audience to think about the actions taken by those seeking vengeance before the reasons behind these actions are known. The movie is told in reverse order, beginning with the main character murdering the person he believed brutally attacked his girlfriend. The intention of this†¦show more content†¦Noà © places these scenes in the first half of the movie, to give us a different perspective on the characters and their lives. The film ends with scenes depicting Marcus and Alex happy together, which the viewer must watch while knowing exactly how things will end for them. We also learn that the man Marcus and Pierre murdered in the gay club wasn’t the man they were looking for, we realise that Le Tenia was standing beside this man, and stood transfixed as he watch them viciously beat the man they believed to be him. Alex is attacked by Le Tenia The attack in the club and the rape scene are so cruel and graphic that they are rendered almost unwatchable, which is how Noà © intended them to be. The violence is unglamorised and gritty; the rape scene is completely non-sexual and uncomfortably long. The non-linear narrative of Irrà ©versible is what makes the movie interesting, if the movie story was told in a linear way it wouldn’t create the same interest in the lives of the characters. We wouldn’t feel the same about happy characters whose lives are ruined as we would about something terrible happening to the characters and then to watch them living happily oblivious to the events that will ruin their lives. He presents us the events in an order which makes us think about the nature of these events in a different way. Andy and Joy Happiness begins in the middle of break up, where we meet Joy (Jane Adams) - the youngest of theShow MoreRelatedMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesMaterials, ANSI Z39.48-1992. To George Blin, Profesor at the Collà ¨ge de France, whithout whom none of these pages would have been started. CONTENTS A Note on the Translation by Bertrand Augst, ix Preface, xi A Note on Terminology, xiii I Phenomenological Approaches to Film Chapter I. On the Impression of Reality in the Cinema, 3 Chapter 2. Notes Toward a Phenomenology of the Narrative, 16 II Problems of Film Semiotics Chapter 3. Chapter 4. Chapter 5. 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Open Work Space Research Essay Free Essays

The Study Recently in the work space, there seems to be a shift from this traditional cubicle style to a more open environment for the employees. This shift has me questioning why are innovative companies shifting towards this more open environment? It seems that these companies are looking not only for a change in scenery, but a change in the how there employees utilize the environment. During this study, I will use a variety of sources in order to understand a comma NYSE work space environment and other information pertaining the architectural design of a company. We will write a custom essay sample on Open Work Space Research Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The questions especially want to explore are: How does the open workspace effect the collaboration between employees? How does this work space attempt to foster an environment for creativity and innovation? Informational Sources The sources have used ranged from a variety of places. The information I collected from Kidders Studio and Kramer Design Group was a large group interview which was required for a summer class where we studied cultures of creativity in Detroit, Michigan. These two interviews took place on August 24, 2013. The large group interview also included a tour of both companies to actually see the working environment firsthand. Field notes were also taken to help record detailed descriptions of the environment at both companies. Another source used for this research included an online magazine called 991. . This magazine publishes research in a condensed and easy to understand format for the general public. It described research on how to build a collaborative work space. I read this to help better my understanding of what a collaborative work space might look like and what re some key components for a creative work space. Also watched a video created by Wall Street Journal on Google’s New York work space because, have never been there. Th is video allowed me to visually see the environment where Google employees work. Another source utilized was a prCICS completed from an article called Building Research and Information. It included research done in this area which helped me orient myself with prior research already completed on this topic. Previous Research Completed on Work Space Environment One research prCICS I looked at included the importance of collaboration in the work space. They looked at three behaviors that contribute to effective collaboration: â€Å"awareness, brief interaction, and collaboration (working together)† (Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, par. 2). This term awareness means to understand what is going on in the environment around you. You are able to process this through â€Å"spatial features that promote awareness† and organizational factors that allow you to see other employees (Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, pars. 4-5). They noted Some benefits to this ‘high awareness’ Were rapid information sharing and ability to recognize when other employees were struggling Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, par. 6). However there are some concerns for ‘high awareness’ in a collaborative environment also. It can be distracting, noisy from employees talking, and create a loss of privacy for the workers (Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, par. 7). Another term discussed was ‘brief interactions’ which means unplanned and short discussions you have with other employees. This results in â€Å"spatial features that promote interaction† and organizational factors that allow you to run into other employees (Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, pars. 9-10). Some benefits include improved information flow, increased learning, and increased development Of friendships (Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, par. 1). There are, however, some drawbacks which include a high potential for stress, an increase in distractions, and the potential for over communicating with employees (Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, par. 12). The other term discussed in the prCICS was collaboration. Collaboration in the work space can result in organizational f actors that allow employees to work in project rooms (Hangmen, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, ears. 18-19). Some benefits from these project rooms are quicker answers, access to other team members, and better project tracking (Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, par. 0). Despite these benefits, there are some concerns including the possibility for information overload, a shorter amount of time on certain tasks, and less privacy for employees (Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, par. 21). Evaluating Google and Two Outside Innovative Companies Google is the company which typifies an open work space concept. However, I needed to use Kidders Studio and Kramer Design Group in Detroit, Michigan because they were local and accessible. Both of these companies were much smaller than Google. However, there are innovative and utilize the open work space concept. Google is known for their web search engine and try to make information easily accessible to the users. The Google New York campus occupies an entire floor and parts of other floors in a building covering an entire â€Å"city block in Manhattans Chelsea neighborhood† (Alter, par. 7). This campus has grown from around 2,000 employees to nearly 3,000 and hiring in the areas of media and advertising (Jordan). Due to the arrival of additional employees, the newly hired have had to move from floor to floor (Jordan). In this campus as opposed to Silicon Valley, it is less tech focused and gives the employees a more natural working environment (Jordan). Google’s competitive and innovative nature attracts many young employees to their company. Despite Google’s great benefits, there is still a high turnover rate, which means they have a limited amount of time with their employees. Kidders Studio is an innovative company which is a part Of the creative community in Detroit, Michigan. Since 1 959, Kidders Studio has earned a beatable name for solving problems with designs. They started off solving problems by designing logos for the automotive companies in Detroit. In 201 1, Kidders moved to their new location on Broadway Street near the Detroit Tigers Stadium. Their diverse team of 25 office employees design logos and websites for advertisements, but their goal is to create the extraordinary (Patrick). They started with 16 employees and are looking to expand to 35 employees. Some of their biggest clients are Dave and Buster’s, Detroit Tigers, and Andiron Restaurant. At Kramer Design Group in Detroit, they specialize in designing the interiors of buildings. There are about 18 to 28 people that work at the office, because there are only 28 desks available. When they work with their clients, they focus on creating a particular environment in order to invoke a certain feeling (Kramer). They strive for listening to the client. However, sometimes the client does not know what they want until you show it to them. This company provides swatches of materials to help visualize the production or prototype built. They are known for creating traditional architecture, hotels, and presidential lofts. They have completed such projects in Detroit like the Madison Building, Broodier Towers, and Whitney Building (Kramer). Kramer Design Group is starting to pick up some business throughout the state. Kramer Design Group and Kidders Studio Work Space Company ices are redesigning offices in order to get a more spacious working environment for their employees. This open work space is intended to foster creativity and innovation. Designing a place to enhance creativity takes a lot of work not only on the companies half, but on the architects half as well. It is important the architect works in collaboration with their client to create a specific environment. In this case, the architect needs to create an environment that is not only functional to the employees, but pleasing to the customer. Open office spaces seem to fuel this creativity through the collaboration of diverse groups of people, the flexibility of the work space, and the atmosphere of the room with numerous examples from Detroit, Machine’s Kidders Studio and Kramer Design Group. A key component to this creativity and innovation is allowing the mixture of diverse groups of people to work together in an open area. To define diverse, this word is meant to describe how individuals with various job titles and functions can ark cohesively together. Providing people an open environment encourages informal connections to be made and ideas to be bounced off one another (Patrick). For example, at Kidders Studio, their work place fosters an environment where colleagues can collaborate with each other (Patrick). The studio is set up with no doors on any of the offices, even the Coo’s office. Over the years, the company has developed this process to be successful. During their meetings, they encourage administrative workers, designers, marketers, and writers to brainstorm ideas for projects (Patrick). These brainstorming sessions involve everyone in the company to work on a project where titles mean nothing (Patrick). Sometimes, disagreement can be a bad thing. But it has become a useful tool because, it encourages ideas to be explored and defended by the creator (Patrick). The end result is a better thought out solution which provides the customer with an outstanding product. Creating flexibility in the work space seems to be another crucial element which allows this creativity and innovation to flourish. Kramer Design Group utilizes the portability and disability of the room to create an environment where creativity is maximized. The portable chairs in the lunch space allow the user to rearrange the space. The emphasis on designing a flexible work space allows people to freely converse amongst one another (Kramer). It also gives the workers an environment which allows easy access to coworkers (Kramer). Some of the offices have glass walls to give the illusion of a more open space (Kramer). One thing that stands out is there are few private offices. Private offices close workers off from the company and do not allow for ideas to be exchanged while the open spaces help stimulate creativity. In an open space, the atmosphere plays an important role in the minimization of creativity and innovation. Kramer Design Group’s office is designed with a level of sophistication and professionalism to illustrate their knowledge in the design field (Kramer). The minute you step into the office, it is meant to create a feeling bigger than meets the eye. There is wall to wall glass to give an expansive feeling to the area and it makes the ceiling appear taller (Kramer). In the hallway, there are columns spaced equal distances apart and a white strip on the carpet to give the illusion of a never ending hall (Kramer). Even the lighting plays into the comfortable ambiance of the room with their modern looking lights which use some incandescent lighting. Their office provides a creative, yet comfortable environment. It allows their employees to think freely in the office with the respect of their fellow colleagues. Google’s Innovative Design Google’s New York campus has a similar goal in their office design like Kidders Studio and Kramer Design Group. â€Å"All of the design is meant to encourage interaction between structurally separate teams† (Jordan). By implementing this open work space, it influences the way groups of Google’s collaborate. Google’s intention by using an open work space is to create an environment specifically for the interaction between the workers. A fun design plan Google’s architects implemented is the vertical ladder chutes between floors, because the elevators are never known to be on time. This vertical ladder chute promotes unplanned collaborations (Alter, par. 7). Another touch Google added was giving the employees a bag to place their laptop in while climbing up the ladder (Jordan). This bag helped Google’s minimize the chance of dropping their laptops. When workers causally intermingle, it encourages informal connections to be made among colleagues. Senior software engineer, Mike Labels moved from Google’s Silicon Valley to Google’s New York campus. At Google’s Silicon Valley, their offices are created as an individual place with their own unique perks and specific design, which help the worker relate to their environment Road). Since Labels has transferred to Google’s New York office, he feels that coming to work here you will not mistake you are in some room at an ordinary building; you will know you are at Google in New York (Jordan). It seems Google’s New York office has created their own city within their building. Even some of their conference rooms are designed as a New York apartment to create a close environment for colleagues to collaborate within. Directly outside these conference rooms, it is setup like city with a fire hydrant, subway grates on the floor, and a narrow hallway with a cityscape on the wall (Jordan). This use of schematics throughout areas of their building makes it seem like the real New York City outside of the building. Collaboration is a good thing, but too much can also be a bad thing sometimes. There are many places to get away from the hustle and bustle of the office area. These areas include a reflecting room, a library, a private hone booth, and more. The library is dotted with Victorian photos from Star Wars hanging on the walls (Jordan). There are also secret door bookcases leading to refection or reading rooms (Jordan). Throughout the library are many books to help employees on coding, programming and working with different types of computers (Jordan). One of the coolest features is the virtual wall of books where employees can download books to their phones (Jordan). Theses rooms are meant to give the workers a place to escape to when they get stressed at work. Google jobs can cause high stress because Of all the work demands. They can stop by the library and pick out a book or even download one from the virtual wall. By creating this comfortable environment, it gives the employees a place to relieve their stress. Regional facilities manager, Laura Gimped mentioned with groups growing in Google how proprieties and juxtaposition effect the workers interactions (loran). Laura understands generally information and ideas are shared with co-workers who are nearby. This is part of the reason that Google has positioned their offices no more than 150 feet away from food to enhance informal interactions between its employees. So at any office location there s a micro-kitchen, a restaurant, or cafeteria nearby. This place encourages fellow Google’s to go grab a bite to eat whenever and where ever they may be in the building (Jordan). Their set up enables employees to â€Å"bump into coworkers from different teams within the† work space (Alter, par. 8). She has taken into account the growth of the company with an eye towards this idea of casual collision in the work space (Jordan). This allows fellow Google’s to have the opportunity to discuss an idea with someone they normally do not work with (Jordan). Some of the greatest ideas are inspired from unexpected inventions between people. Findings Coming from an architectural background has enabled me to see rooms differently from other people. However, after this research, I was able to look at a room and see the choices and decisions the architect had to make in designing the room. For example, their placement of furniture, walls, doors and windows in a room plays a critical role in how the work space is used. The way an architect designs a room actually plays an important role for what the customer ultimately wants. Each of the companies I research ultimately had a similar goal through using the open work space concept. Kidder’s goals was to create the extraordinary through logos and design. Their office design fostered their employees to be creative. Kramer Design Group specialized in interior designing. Their open work space also did the same by providing their employees with a creative environment. Both of these places were designed, so the employees interacted regularly in order to get their ideas. Through my research even though did not actually visit, Google, the above examples helped me visualize what I could not see at Google. I have come to greater appreciate the open work space concept and its purpose at Google is to maximize its employees creativity. Through my research on open work spaces at Google, I have come to understand the choices the architects had to make while designing Google’s New York office. They choose to design the environment with many unique features to enhance the collaboration between employees. I have now come to see that through creating an open work space it results in good ideas from employees. Essentially, these good ideas are able to be obtained through creating these unexpected conversations and casual collisions. This new understanding can help companies understand ways to obtain ideas from their employees. Through creating this type of environment similar to Google, companies will be able to design an environment to maximize the productivity of workers. Conclusion Google is known as the gold standard for innovation and creativity. Their architects have used the open work space to help them achieve this goal. Through the design of the open work space, Google’s from different teams or backgrounds bump into each other casually throughout the day. The intent is for these Google’s to discuss an idea with someone they may not work with daily. This chance interaction may be the catalyst for a new and creative idea. This new open work space approach is intended to inspire its employees and support creativity where new ideas can be developed and new discoveries made. Further Questions If another research paper was completed, it may be interesting to see how other innovative companies like Apple, Paxar, and Twitter are set up in regards to their work space design. It would be interesting to see how these companies layout their work space, because there could be similar correlations to how their employee’s collaborate like Google. In order to answer this question, you would need to look at the interactions between the errors of the company. Since work spaces are always being remodeled by companies, it would be interesting to track innovative companies over the next five year to see how their work space changed over time. It would be ideal to interview employees throughout the change of the work space to see how it has effected them. It may be interesting to also speak to the management to determine whether there were more ideas generated in the newer work space than in the current type work space. This could help understand the reason behind why companies design a creative environment for their workers. How to cite Open Work Space Research Essay, Essays

Software Engineering Group Project Individual Report free essay sample

In around the middle period of the development process, I made a prototype that could achieve basic but the most important functionality of the system based on the initial design idea. The prototype is a single web page with a slippy map which can display a polyline on the map as a route and a route information table when given the start place and destination. Though the graphical user interface was really simple and ugly, it at least provided the possibility that the design of the system was feasible. In fact, the final routing system of the project was just built on the rationale of the prototype but with the extension of multi-functionalities. In the final routing system, I made it possible for user to click on the map and get the place instead of to type in the literal name. In addition, the routing system can identify the postcode as an input. The routing system also provides three types of routes which gives more choices for user. Apart from improving of the functionalities of the routing system, I also took part in the designing and programming of the wiki system which is another functionality of the project. The wiki system relies on the utility of the MYSQL database. We reached the concept of the â€Å"big society† in the problem specification by allowing users to update the information in the database. When added into the system, latest information will be reflected immediately on the map. For instance, a user adds a new supermarket which was newly constructed in one area. A shopping cart marker will appear on the map as long as the user refreshes the page. As the coder in the group, it was natural for me to take responsibility for integrating the whole system. It was decided that a web-based application would be the most feasible method of implementation, which had the advantages of easier accessibility and maintenance. After getting the GUI design from my teammates, I integrated the java scripts which contain the functionalities of the system to the web pages and launched them to the UNIX machine so as to make it available to the public. As the website was setup under my UNIX account, I also took the obligation of system maintenance. Whenever the system came across problems, I should detect them and then amend the system. In addition to coding, I also made contribution to our group documentations. In the interim report and final report, I wrote the contents that related to code aspects as the programmer always knew what the code did. Reflection on the Project Throughout the project, our group has managed to achieve a number of successes. The most successful aspect is that the main functionality described in the problem specification has been achieved and the system has been complete in use. The route-planner is able to compute a route for the user when given a starting point and destination and through the use of the map it is able to provide extra information, such as the location of nearby bicycle-park facilities. Besides, the wiki system allows users to add and update the data used by the route planner, which has been successful to build on the community-based aspect of existing systems. From the perspective of project management, our group experienced a good-working relationship and has held regular meetings with the supervisor. Every member devoted into the project warmly and actively. We divided the whole project into two sub-groups. Two of us took responsibility for design and documentation while the other two were to programming and testing. Though we had clear roles, discussion and comments were frequently put forward among the team. We have shared a message board in order to keep in good contact with each other and stay up-to-date with the progress of other group-members. A public repository was also share by the group so as to ensure that everyone got the latest version of codes and documentations in ime. As with every system development process, we encountered a number of difficulties throughout the project, most of which have been overcome. At the early stage, we were extremely confused about what we were expected for this system. According to our research on the existing systems, there are mature systems and technology for cycle routes planning. Whether to create our own independent cycle-route planner or to integrate with an existing system was a considerable issue. After learning the documentations of released systems, we found it complicated and time-consuming. Meanwhile, our supervisor suggested that integrated system might be a relatively feasible direction for this project since some open source systems and websites are available for free use. Finally, we made up our mind to design an integrated routing system with the scope of our University and its surroundings based on other open source system. Secondly, as we were going to build our system on the basis of CycleStreets’s routing engine, an API key from them is necessary to have access to their routing engine. We can send a query string directly from the URL as a standard GET request to access route information using this API key. However, obtaining a CycleStreets API was not a simple a process for us as two members of the group had applied and neither had received a response. Fortunately, with the help of our supervisor our application was eventually accepted. We suspect that CycleStreets are reluctant to allow students to use their API. The third issue is about the wiki system which we did not find a perfect solution for in the initial design. According to our requirements specification, users are able to update information held on the system once they are logged in. However, our initial design does not implement this wiki part of the system. There are three main reasons behind this; firstly, we have a problem in obtaining whether or not the user is valid i. e. whether or not they attend the University of Nottingham. Secondly, since the base layer of our map uses the OpenStreetMap API, it means that no changes can be made to the map from our side of the system – users must instead edit data on the OpenStreetMap webpage. Finally, we created a database backend to solve this problem and allowed users to edit data which can be shown on the map. Another technical problem was geo-coding. In order to use the CycleStreets API, the system is required to ive as parameters to the query call the longitude and latitude of the starting point and destination of the route to calculate. This posed a problem because it is required for users to be able to enter place names using natural language and not geographical co-ordinates. After some research by the group, it was found that a process known as geo-coding could be used in order to translate a place name into its corresponding co-ordinates. Initially it was intended for the system to use the Yahoo PlaceFinder API, which is something an API key was applied for. The group were successful in obtaining an API key, however on using the system it was discovered that it does not provide geographical co-ordinates to a high enough accuracy for use within the system. This high accuracy is required since the system is only providing routing for a relatively small area. It was then decided to look at the Google Geocoding API, and it was found that this provides geographical co-ordinates to a much higher-degree of accuracy and so it was decided that this is what will be used to do the geo-coding for the system. During the project development process, we suffered the loss of a group member. This came as a huge shock to the whole group. With our project team decreasing from five to four members, it has meant that remaining members have had to take on greater responsibility and an increased work load. In dealing with this problem, we have had to scrap the original assignment of tasks within the group and redistribute them to ensure that all areas of the project are covered. This has meant that we have all had to take on tasks that had been partially done by people who have now left the group. Because of the time limitation, there were a number of design requirements that we did not cover in the project. We did not integrate the useful information of the university to the system as mentioned in the requirement. For example, mark the examination room on the map. Meanwhile, we omitted the log in system which should be connected to the school log in database which can be the future extension of the system. Learning from Project From running the project throughout the year, I have gained a number of experiences on the perspectives of both social relationships and computer science skills. It is of great difficulties for an individual person to complete a group project. Team working, therefore, is the core and highest requirement for everyone in the group. â€Å"Divide and Conquer† strategy was successfully applied to our group work. For example, the project was divided into different parts which then were assigned to members according to their specialized area. With respect to our system, it was divided into three parts: the website GUI, routing system and wiki system. As I thought I was interested in the routing system and also prepared for using JavaScript, I picked the second task. After each task was finished, we carried out the conquer stage. Three parts were integrated together by some interfaces and finally worked as one system. During the project development processes, communication was of considerable importance. Since team members come from different countries with different culture background, we definitely differ in the thoughts. Communication brought all ideas together and made the system consistent. As a non-native speaker, I cannot express myself as smoothly as my teammates. The group project gave the opportunity for me to improve my spoken English and melt into the western thoughts. As a computer science project, a lot of computer technologies were involved in the development process. After running the project, I have read a large quantity of software documentations, some of which have been applied to our project. For example, the Google map API provides highly customized map which can be embedded into the website. Since our system need to display the routes to the user, a map is necessary. When reading the documentation of Google map API, I found it quite suitable for our project. Not only can it draw lines and markers on the map, but also can be covered by other map layers. With respect to our system, we need a cycle map layer especially for the use of cycle routes. Another lesson that I learned from the system development is different system integration. According to our problem specification and time limitation for the project, it was decided that we should develop an integrated system oriented to the students in the University of Nottingham. Our design strategy then was to use existing routing system and bespoke it. In order to integrate the routing system with the map, I coded a JavaScript that can translate information from routing system into array data and then hese data can be used to draw the routes on the map. Conclusion After participating in the one-year group project, I have retained large quantities of experiences on conducting a complex software project which is a firm foundation for the final year personal project. Meanwhile, during the project, my knowledge of computer science has been enriched since I have learned hundreds of documentations of different software and techniques. Finally, my communication skill has been improved as well as the ability of socializing with strange people. Form Complete one copy of this form for each member of your G52GRP group except yourself. Enclose all completed form as an appendix with your Individual Report. Rate the group member in question by ticking or marking with an â€Å"x† exactly one box for each evaluation aspect in the table below. Give a brief written justification for each assigned rating in the space provided below the table.

Poverty in Third World Countries free essay sample

Helping poor people is ethical behavior and everyone should do it in order to continue our lives. Every year, there are millions of people at risk of going hungry. There are ways people can end poverty all around the world. People can eliminate poverty if we work together to fight it and avoid selfishness. Rich countries often give financial aid to poor countries, but it does not solve poverty. People always say they feel sorry for poor people and the rich love them, but they never do their part. People do not prevent themselves from buying things that are not necessary to them. That money could be donated to people who are in need of it. There are many people in rich countries living a luxurious life, while others in poor countries are starving but cannot find anything to eat. People in rich countries are buying more than their needs. For example, many teenagers in developed countries have more than one video game. We will write a custom essay sample on Poverty in Third World Countries or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page People also buy too much clothes that they are not using. The proper way of helping poor people, just give them only what they are need such as foods and money, or educational experiences from developed countries which helps them to change their situations. Food and money are going to run out, but education and experience never run out. The kinds of education and experiences that would help the poor: teaching sustainable agriculture, planting trees, and teaching them how to use their resources. â€Å"Give a man a fish and he will eat for a day; teach him how to fish and he will eat for the rest of his days. † Rich nations must provide poor nations the elements and the possibility to develop themselves. In contrast, Developed nations want poor nations to remain as they are: poor. In order to control them, they have a dependent relationship, and determine their economic situations. In both reading â€Å"Lifeboat Ethics,† and â€Å"The singer solution to world poverty,† they argue about wealth helping the poor. In â€Å"Lifeboat Ethics,† Garrett Hardin suggests that rich countries teach poor countries to â€Å"build their own boat. † Moreover, Hardin explains that poor nations will always be taking food from the Food Bank, which makes them unmotivated to improve their status. In the reading â€Å"The singer solution to world poverty,† Peter Singer states that organizations should take money from rich countries which spend on luxurious items and instead donate it to help needy people. Hardin point is more important because he depicts what is the proper way to help poor nations by helping them to â€Å"build their own boat. † There are three points explain that Hardin’s ideas about the proper way of helping the poor. The first is the homeless have the same opportunity as rich people have, and the rich should help the homeless. The second is people should share their resources with those in hardship situations. The third is developed countries must help undeveloped countries with health, trade, and education, because those are concept of any developing countries. First of all, the homeless have the same opportunities as financial stable people have. Financial stable people should help the homeless. There is a serious problem with the way homeless people are treated. They are not treated as any normal human beings are treated. Within my own experience, I used to contribute to a nonprofit organization called â€Å"FTFT. † This organization seeks to alleviate the suffering of the neediest in our communities, who deal with disease, hunger, and loneliness. The organization visits homeless shelters and assist them in serving their residents. The FTFT gives me the opportunity to meet many homeless people. In the beginning, I was weary of them, but once I treated them I realized that most of them are very kind. However, I had a question. Why don’t the homeless go to find a job as I do? One day, I attempted to find out an answer. I started to ask some of them, why you do not go to find a job in order to change your life’s situations? Moreover, the streets in winter months are very cold. They are not proper for living. Some of the homeless said that they tried many times to look for any job, but they did not find any. The reason is they are trouble to acquire a job without a home address. Furthermore, most of businessmen think that the homeless are untrustworthy people, which become another obstacle, for them to change their life situations. Also, their lack of education becomes a main reason of their problems to find a job. The homeless have been dubbed the outcasts of society. On the other hand, many of the homeless could obtain jobs, but they chose not to. The reason is they always find help from some organizations and individuals, which makes them lazier. The best thing organizations could do with the homeless, organizations give them money and foods and likewise make them contribute in organizations, which gives the homeless opportunities to live normal lives. Indeed, the public should do something, because the homeless are a large part of our society. The public must work together to end their suffering as much as possible. In the essay â€Å"The Singer Solution to World Poverty,† by Peter Singer illustrates that the main idea of how we can end the homeless problems by saying that American people spend almost one third of their income on things not important to them. Additionally, Singer claims that â€Å"By his calculation, $200 in donations would help a sickly two- years-old transform into a healthy six year old, offering safe passage through childhoods most dangerous year. † the government must give the homeless new opportunities to change their lives by finding jobs and educating them which helps them to contribute our community. Also, government should help the other homeless who have mental health problems. As a matter of fact, Natural resources are belonging to humanity. Since we all have to face this is energy crisis, we should share our natural resources justly. This is what should be done with whole countries around the world. All world resources such as oil, coal and natural gas should be distributed equally between rich Countries and poor Countries regardless of borders. Natural resources are not made by humans. They are a part of the planet we all live on. Therefore, these resources should be equally distributed between all countries. In our world, there are many people believe in that all we are humans and we are a part of the planet. I think that this is way it going to be beneficial for the rich countries also, because poor countries have many natural resources such as African countries, but there are lacking of education which made them poor. That is why there are many organizations work worldwide to help the other countries who face a hardship. One of these organizations is the world food bank, which is helping people worldwide. Additionally, UNICEF and Oxfam America are nonprofits organizations are working to help people around the world. In the essay â€Å"Lifeboat Ethics,† by Garrett Hardin states that advantages and disadvantages the world food bank. The advantages are rich countries that have overflowing of their grain deposit, and poor countries would draw independent on what they needs. On the other hand, disadvantages of sharing is selfishness of some countries are asking for more than their needs, or some developed countries do not want to share their resources with others. It means that there will always be someone looking to take advantage of the commons. Hardin asks But does everyone on the Earth have an equal right to an equal share of its resources? † If the answer is yes, why we have some poor countries and some rich countries? To help the destitute nation doesn’t mean giving money to them. As an old proverb goes, â€Å"Teaching a man how to fish is better than giving him a fish. † developed countries should help those poor countries with education, medical and agriculture all of human beings are part of the earth. The public should help each other and make the world better. Developed countries should help undeveloped countries by given them proper experiences and education. Even though numerous countries have many resources, they are still poor, because they are lacking of experience and education. For example, Nigeria has a lot of natural resources such as gold and oil, but it still poor country. The reason is Nigeria has many groups, and each group has a different belief, which makes a war among each other. Moreover, Nigeria does not have enough experience of how they using their resources as well. Developed countries should give Nigeria their experience and proper education instead of money which helps them to change their hardship situations. Hardin asserts that â€Å"The modern approach to foreign aid stresses the export of technology and advice, rather than money and food. Developed countries should help undeveloped countries with health, trade, and education. Many third world countries do not have enough resources. That is why developed countries helping them to improve their live situations from many aspects, For example, health, education, and trade. However, the government of the third world countries should work hard in order to elements poverty in their region. But people find many governments of poor countries do not want to change themselves. They rely on the aids whatever comes from rich countries. Developed countries such as America have share of worlds natural, financial or their resources, but the poor countries must work side by side with rich countries in order to reduce poverty in their counties. The United States launches free educational programs for the third world countries in order to help them to improve their life situation such as upgrading the agrarian. The education is the only way can change a person’s life. An old proverb â€Å"The education is movement from the dark to the light. † That is why education is the best way for helping poor countries.

Definition and Examples of Prewriting Strategies

Definition and Examples of Prewriting Strategies In composition, the term prewriting refers to  any activity that helps a writer think about a topic, determine a purpose, analyze an audience, and prepare to write. Prewriting is closely related to the art of invention in classical rhetoric. The objective of  prewriting, according to Roger Caswell and Brenda Mahler, is  to prepare students for writing by allowing them to discover what they know and what else they need to know. Prewriting invites exploration and promotes the motivation to write (Strategies for Teaching Writing, 2004). Because various kinds of writing (such as note-taking,  listing, and freewriting) usually occur during this stage of the writing process, the term  prewriting  is somewhat misleading. A number of teachers and researchers prefer the term exploratory writing. See Examples and Observations below. Also, see: Writing ProcessComposingDiscovery Strategies (Heuristics)FocusingGeorge Carlin on Finding Something to Write AboutYour Writing: Private and Public Types of Prewriting Activities BrainstormingClusteringFreewriting Journalists QuestionsJournal WritingListingOutlinePentadReading Examples and Observations Prewriting is  the getting ready to write stage. The traditional notion that writers have a topic completely thought out and ready to flow onto the page is ridiculous. Writers begin tentatively- talking, reading, brainstorming- to see what they know and in what direction they want to go. -Gail Tompkins, Rod Campbell, and David Green,  Literacy for the 21st Century. Pearson Australia, 2010Prewriting involves anything you do to help yourself decide what your central idea is or what details, examples, reasons, or content you will include. Freewriting, brainstorming, and clustering . . . are types of prewriting. Thinking, talking to other people, reading related material, outlining or organizing ideas- all are forms of prewriting. Obviously, you can prewrite at any time in the writing process. Whenever you want to think up new material, simply stop what you are doing and start using one of [these] techniques... -Stephen McDonald and William Salomone, The Writers Response, 5th ed. Wad sworth, 2012 The Aims of PrewritingUsually, the prewriting activities help you find a good topic, narrow topics that are too broad, and look at purpose. You should finish the prewriting activities with at least a sentence and a list. Or you may have something as formal as a three-part thesis sentence and a fully developed outline. Either way, youll have laid the groundwork. -Sharon Sorenson, Websters New World Student Writing Handbook. Wiley, 2010 Prewriting as a Method of DiscoveryJeannette Harris stresses prewriting while stating that discovery occurs throughout the composing process, even in revision, when the writer is still retrieving additional information, making further connections, recognizing emerging patterns [Expressive Discourse, 15]. In prewriting as well as free-writing and keeping journals, ideas and forms are discovered by provoking memory. In addition, the personal nature of much prewriting and freewriting serve as an affirmation that the memory of the student writer has a valid place in the writing classroom. -Janine Rider, The Writers Book of Memory: An Interdisciplinary Study for Writing Teachers. Routledge, 1995 Prewriting and Revising[P]rewriting plans are not carved in stone; they are simply tools for generating and organizing ideas. Writers frequently change their minds as they write, eliminating some details, adding and changing others. Thats why some writers say that prewriting is a misnomer; they return to their plans over and over during all stages of the writing process, often revising and adjusting the plans as they go. -Lori Jamison Rog,  Marvelous Minilessons for Teaching Intermediate Writing. International Reading Association, 2011

Globalization in Media Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Globalization in Media - Research Paper Example It is difficult to stop media globalization because it is taking place due to innovative communications in technology. Although globalization media plays significant roles in shaping culture and improving social standards of living, it has contributes to loss of cultural identity; thus contributing to a global village. The decentralized nature of communication media such as the use of Internet has improved the social, living standards of people in the contemporary society. The use of social media sites and as well as the e-mail sent through the Internet has made communication cheaper. The Internet is among the most widely communication media techniques used by many people including commercial industries in carrying out business activities. Moreover, the social networking sites has improved the social life standards of people in the society because social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, MySpace and many others have enabled many people to communicate easily with friends or relatives across the globe. Many students and business companies utilize the Internet nowadays in carrying out research activities; hence, it facilitates effective learning and enabling companies to carry out marketing research effectively. Nezmah (224) argues that the increased global market media is through new digital technology that has made global markets effective and profitable. Many companies especially the international companies are now able to compete favorably with their competitors because of new digital technology. This has enabled many of the multinational companies to achieve competitive advantage in the market. The use of Internet, radio and television in advertising innovative products in the global market has enabled commercial companies to increase their sales; hence generating a lot of revenues. The international companies have formed new

Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Proposal - Essay Example Generating revenues will require the integration of the various departments, to push our brand to the market, transforming the company into a successful business entity. After analyzing the market structure of the company, understanding its clients and manufacturers, this proposal seeks to transform the weaknesses into strengths, by analyzing the opportunities available. It is important to understand that although the company has successfully managed to win in the current market, there is no guarantee of competitor threats. As such, this proposal seeks to capture the current market, gaining total control as well as diversifying into new markets. The company has a strong presence in its current market, evidenced by the high sales turnover. Having concentrated in the current market for a considerable amount of time, John and Johnson Company has successfully managed to win the largest market share. Quality satisfies customers even more, as with quality, a customer gets the value for their money. To satisfy customers, it is important to provide them with high quality products and services, which meet their needs and interests. Therefore, the company, by collaborating with manufacturers, has provided them with the customer’s views on the desired quality of goods. As a marketing organization, the company has direct contact with its customers, and thus conducts research on the reception of different products, as well as collecting their views and sentiments regarding a particular product. The company then compiles this in form of a report, then advices its manufacturers accordingly. Subsequently, the manufactures have responded to these views by adding features to the products, thus winning more customers. The company exhibits strong business ethics whenever conducting its business. While collaborating with the manufacturers, John and Johnson ensure that there is a strong client-customer relationship. It feeds

Leader Plays An Important Role Management Essay

Leader Plays An Important Role Management Essay Leader plays an important role in the world environment. When any organization whatever wants to be successful, a good leadership is one of the success factors. Leadership is in everywhere. Leadership occurs in our surrounding environment. The main objective of leadership is to achieve a common goal or task with a group of people in the organization together. But the leader may or may not have any power. Leader is being with intangible spirit here to lead the people to accomplish the goals and tasks. The leader should lead the people on the right track. The leadership has been described as a person can complete a common task in the process of social influence, while seeking the aid and support of others. Three of the authority, responsibility, functions and power to perform their duties, the exercise of the functions of a means and conditions to perform their duties, the exercise of their functions is of the essence and core of the leader. However, the leader in order to effectively exercise leadership function alone institutionalized statutory powers is not enough, you must have convincing and to comply with the high degree of authority, have a huge appeal to subordinates, attractive and subtle influence. What is the effective leadership? The aims of this assignment is to explore what the effective leadership is and evaluate the leadership how to make impact on a matter such as followers, organizations, and relationships and so on. Definition of leadership First of all, now note that what the definition of leadership is. In fact, leadership is not a clearly defined and its definition of each person can be different. So here quote some representative definitions and as the following: Leadership is the behavior of an individual when he is directing the activities of a group toward a shared goal. (Hemphill Coons, 1957, p.7) Leadership is interpersonal influence, exercised in a situation, and directed, through the communication process, toward the attainment of a specified goal or goals. (Tannenbaum, Weschler, Massarik, 1961, p.24) Leadership is the influential increment over and above mechanical compliance with the routine directives of the organization. (Katz Kahn, 1978, p.528) Leadership is a process of giving purpose (meaningful direction) to collective effort, and causing willing effort to be expended to achieve purpose. (Jacobs Jaques, 1990, p.281) According to the above definition of leadership, leadership is two-way relationship and a chain reaction with followers. Leadership is a process to guide the followers to accomplish a common goal or task. In the process, leader and followers will get satisfied through communicate with each other. The leadership has influence for followers to work together to complete the instruction. Leadership has collective power of solidarity toward meaningful direction. Followership Style To be effective leadership, followership is an important relationship. It is because followership and leadership are a two-way relationship, which constantly touch each other. Better leadership and better followership and vice versa. In addition to the leader personal capacity, how to attract followers to follow is one of the most critical factors in the relations of good leadership. Bass (1990) points out, leadership and followership are mutual activities of influence and counter-influence, since both stimulate and reinforce the others behavior. In modern enterprises, an effective follower has not to be always following somebodys advice and to be dead set the simple dedication. Followers should have the following qualities: critical and independent thinking, proactive work attitude, willing to take responsibility determination, the courage to dare to challenge the authority of the self-management ability. These characteristics make the followers become the core strength of the company, so that they become the organization efficient fundamental. Leadership effectiveness As above mention, followership and leaderships relationship cannot separate. For the leadership, in different situation have different approach to apply into it. There are diagram to show the stages of leadership theory and research as the following: Here are several of leadership approaches to express how to make effective leadership. This report will focus on trait approach, situation approach and new leadership approach to explore these approaches how to affect an effective leadership. Trait Approach Trait theory suppose that leaders have some common characteristics, such as psychological, personality and sociological to determine its effectiveness. The example of the psychological characteristics involved intelligence and charisma. The sociological characteristics involved level of education and status of social economic class. The trait theory focuses on the requirements of demand or a variety of circumstances between the leader and the followers. The trait approach is the earliest and you can understand the success of leadership and is concentrated in the leaders personal characteristics or personality. Based on assumption, leaders are born, not made. How can distinguish the leaders? There are too many traits. So here choose a few of the more important traits that a success leader needed to discuss. Intelligence Intelligence has been identified as an effective leadership of the most important factors. An effective leadership has to clear analysis of the force. A good intelligence can help leader to rise up his power of analysis. When face the mission, leader can use his intelligence to work well and organize the group member to accomplish the mission. As based on assumption, leaders are born, not made. Intelligence cannot be acquired through efforts and by congenital got it. Leaders have good verbal skills, perception and reasoning. Self-confidence Self-confidence is one of the critical traits of leaders characteristics to effective leadership. A persons ability and skills have a certain capacity. It includes self-respect, self-affirmation, and believe that they can make a difference. Leaders have ability to influence others. This is very important. Determination Leaders have eager to get this job done. It includes active, persistent advantage. The aggressive leaders have ability to adhere to oppose obstacles. Integrity Honest and trustworthy. Adhere to a set of principles, solid strength, and take responsibility for their own behavior. Ethical leadership and inspire other peoples confidence. They do what they say, how do we do. They are reliable, loyal and not a lie. Sociability This is the tendency of leaders to seek a pleasant social relationship. Leaders full of friendly, cheerful, polite, tactful, and diplomatic. They have to take care of others and well-being. Leader do not need to have all trait to demonstrate themselves are effective leadership. As proprietor know, no one is perfect. For example, the 42nd president of United States William Jefferson Clinton (hereinafter referred to as Clinton). Clinton to attend various speaking engagements in term, his presentation skill showed his self-confidence and to attract followers. And his excellent interpersonal skill makes the United States to be in a leadership position under his leadership. Although the sex scandal happened in his time, but Clintons personal charm makes others to support him. Clintons public support rate is 65% to end off his time. That is a new record after World War II U.S. President. Different angles of trait approach in organization Strengths Weakness Give some benchmarks Intuitively appealing a century of research Too straight delimit No take situation in case Not useful way for develop leadership Transactional leadership and Transformational leadership These two approaches also use in motivate and encourage followers to achieve whether long-term or short-term goals or tasks in their expectation. These two approaches are feasible, which depend on followers is belong to which one of followers. Transactional leadership: The leaders agree that the followers want and like to help them achieve their goals in order to satisfy their getting from efforts. Thats means leaders and subordinates in an exchange relationship. The leader through substantial reward to clarify subordinates should play a role and mission requirements. When the subordinates finish their scheduled task, the leader will give them what they wanted money or material rewards as exchange. Just like Bass views, he generally defines transactional leadership behavior for three components as the follow: Rewarded and the use of incentives and team awards, the clarification of the impact of work motivation. Under the supervision and corrective measures to ensure that the work to proceed effectively. Added by Bass and his colleagues (Bass Avolio, 1990; Yammarino Bass, 1990), penalties and other corrective measures, including the use of significantly deviate from the standard of acceptable performance. Transformational leadership: Leaders have the ability to inspire and motivate followers to achieve the schedule effect, even greater than expected. Transformational leadership emphasizing the constructivism vision and actively get subordinates agree on the vision. The leader help subordinates to view their own values and beliefs and help them to develop amazing potential. Subordinates are with the leaders to achieve the vision and to complete the impossible task. Next, Bass further proposed four elements of transformational leadership which included charismatic leadership, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulus and individual consideration. On the above mention, give an example, the former coach of Chinese national womens volleyball team Chen Chung Wong. He led the Chinese womens volleyball team won the champion of a number of major competitions. He encouraged the volleyball team to play out the potential of the different personalities of the players. In the dynamic competition, he and his team members goal is also to win the champion. He use transformation approach to lead his ball team and he was successful. He was able to influence his followers and achieve the goal, so he did an effective leadership. Transactional leadership versus Transformational leadership Item Transactional leadership Transformational leadership Essence To the interests of the lure Spiritual encouragement Behavior Emphasis on individual performance Inspire potential, attention to overall objectives Applicable situation Stable environment Well-structured task Routine work Subordinates belongs to passive, do not like to work and irresponsibly Dynamic, changeable environment Low degree of task structure Non-routine, requiring subordinates decision task Subordinates belongs to active, positive potential Performance Completion of leaders matters assigned Completion of impossible challenging mission Transactional leadership and transformational leadership are dissimilar but not mutually exclusive. The same leader will use these two different methods of leadership approach in different times and in different circumstances. These types of leaders to guide or encourage their followers to achieve that target in the direction and the leader plays a clear role and knows clear task requirements. Transactional leadership and transformational leadership should not be seen as competing methods to get things done. So, if you are a good transactional leadership, but there is no change in the quality, you may only be a banal leader. The best leaders are mixed up transactional leadership and transformational leadership. Situational Leadership In the leadership and management of the company or team cannot use unchangeable methods. And have to change the approach of leadership and management when the situation and rapidly changes in the environmental context and the different of employees. The management was focus on the leader. Here is a diagram of situational leadership applies the following leadership behaviors: http://www.firefightingincanada.com/images/stories/CFF%2007/JAN/leadershipchart.jpg Situational leadership model for employees in specific job the employee growth process is divided into four stages: Directing (S1) the leaders just told the followers how to do it. Just give direction for followers. Thats low supportive and high directive. If an employee lack of experience to perform tasks, such as a new employee. In this case, his leadership has to give him a direction to help him to accomplish the task. In this situation, directing leadership will be effective. Coaching (S2) the leaders provides information and direction. There is more to communicate with followers. This style more interactive. So thats high supportive and directive. In some situation, coaching leadership will be effective. For example, when a low-level subordinate has certain ability, but do not have the needed skills, knowledge and information. And he lack of motivation to do the task. Coaching leadership will be suitable for these employees. Supporting (S3) the leaders pay more attention to the relationship rather than direction. Leaders and team work and share decision-making responsibility. Thats high supportive and low directive. When a senior-level subordinates do not work hard because of production capacity or personal reasons. The leader gives more support that will make him work hard again. In this situation, supporting leadership will be effective. Delegating (S4) leadership on followers or group most of the responsibility. The leaders also monitor progress, but their participation in decision-making. Thats low supportive and directive. This style has more freedom to work in this stage. For a senior-level subordinates have all the skills to carry out a less risk and no more time limited task and also have an internal backup support case. In this situation, delegating leadership will be effective. Relative to the four different stages of the employees, the leadership should take four different style of leadership. Four leadership styles for different stages included directing, coaching, supporting and delegating leadership style. When the employees in the first phase of S1, leaders have to take informed style to guide and instruct employees; when employees in the second stage of S2, leaders have to take marketing formula to explain the work to persuade employees; when the employees in the third stage of S3, leaders should adopt a participatory to motivate employees and help employees to solve problems. At the end of stage of S4, leaders will have to take authorization and delivered to employees, leader simply for the monitoring and inspection work. Conclusion In the conclusion, we can know that no matter in which environment, leadership always around our life. In the organization, leaders leadership skills can affect the employees behavior even the organization holder. In the life, everyone have leader to lead us. A good effective leadership should have good influence for their followers. An effective leadership must be personal charm to influence and motivate followers; should be master and applied scenically incentives and should have good basic quality such as good communication skills. The different stages of development and scale should adopt a different style of leadership. With the continuous development and changes in the environment, leadership approach also should be transformed into an effective leadership style. A good leader should be based on the different stages of company development, size of organization and management object at any time to adjust their leadership style and approach. Finally, leadership is in everywhere.

Why Does It Matter?

On May 21, 2011 many people around the world â€Å"prepared† themselves for what was sure going to be their last day on earth. According to a man by the name of Harold Camping, by 6 pm on May 21st, the world was supposed to have experienced a grand earthquake thus preceding â€Å"The Rapture,† and it seems as though people around the world spend their â€Å"last days on earth† doing many different things. This alone shows what values we respect and how we view them. Harold Camping had concocted some heinous math equation that led him to publicize his fourth prediction.Although the amount of thought and research he put behind his Christian instinct was impressive; all he managed to do was create a moment of desperation for those of us who lead a â€Å"sinful† life, and a false ray of hope for those who cling to the prophetic words of people like, Harold Camping. As one can imagine, the last few days have been driven by the predicted â€Å"end of the world, † and through outlets such as Twitter, Live Journal, and Facebook, stories of how people spent their last days have surfaced.Some people thought it would be a great idea to spend their life savings or their children’s college funds, some people spent the day fulfilling their goals and dream, others just spent the past few days locked in and repenting, and the rest either didn’t care or forgot. All these crazy fear-based decisions lead to a small list of much greater and loaded questions: Is it worth it? Does it matter? and Why does it matter? Of course these are questions that fall under the category of â€Å"The Meaning of Life,† and are virtually impossible to reply to, but everyone should be entitled to possess their own educated opinion, right?In Thomas Nagel’s essay â€Å"The Absurd† he raises some interesting, but conflicting arguments toward life’s â€Å"absurdity†. In his very complicated essay of rationalizations, he ba sically presents us with the 3 main reasons why life could be considered absurd: 1) Whatever we do now will not affect the world in the future, so why does it matter? 2) We are forever considered small when compared with the universe, and our lives considered short, so why do we matter? 3) Our actions have no purposeful end, so why do they matter?Nagel tries to justify his statements, but in the end his statements contradict his points, and this could even be summarized in one simple explanation. If you will not be around in the next 1 million years, how could you or anybody else judge peoples actions to determine if whether or not they infinitely matter or not matter. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, â€Å"Existentialism† is considered a philosophical theory or approach which emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will (Oxford).Within this reasoning is what Nagel based his essay on, but as black and white as this may seem, many other factors should be calculated when trying to determine whether or not existentialism is rational. Without delving too far into the topic of religion, the question about the morality of certain issues still lies on the table. When trying to find a religiously ambiguous debate against existentialism one of the most important questions to consider would be: In a world in which we act on impulse without the fear of repercussion, how would our feelings as human beings factor into our decisions?As long as there has been the existence of humans on this earth, it would probably safe to assume that there has also been the â€Å"existence† of feelings among the people. Feelings are probably the one impulse that humans find the most difficult to quell in their everyday lives, and from personal experience, one of the most pleasantly intrusive aspects of human life. Although this might be debatable, the statement previous t o the latter is not. In her 1970’s book Never in Anger: Portrait of an Eskimo Family, Professor Jean L.Briggs studied the Utkuhikhalingmiut (â€Å"Utku†) Eskimos of the Canadian Northwest Territories. In this tribe she found that anger and aggression was extremely rare. â€Å"Briggs suggests that even in circumstances that we would find intolerably frustrating or offensive, the Utku do not get angry. Where we would be resentful or even furious, the Utku are merely resigned. Anger is an unreasonable response† (qtd. By Solomon). Even in instances such as these, the Eskimo are in a way â€Å"brainwashed† from a young age in order to lead this â€Å"harmonious† life, and even then they lose their cool.As reported by a fellow anthropologist ,by the name of Catherine Lutz, â€Å"among the Ifaluk of Micronesia, the most serious incident of aggression last year, was when one man touched another's shoulder. He was subjected to a severe fine, a reasonable p enalty for extremely unreasonable behavior† No matter what one tries to do feeling will always resurface and affect our judgment whether we mean to or not. It’s simply just part of the way we were made and will always remain that way.To argue that someone could easily â€Å"discard† their feeling and act purely on impulse would be an ignorant statement. When talking about the rationality as opposed to the morality of a situation it then becomes a little bit more tricky because as Robert Rorty makes a wonderful job in pointing out, who can define rationality? In accordance with his characteristic nominalism, that â€Å"rationality is not a thing,† to be Socratically defined or characterized in any singular way.I would say that it is one of those â€Å"essentially contested concepts† of philosophy (like â€Å"freedom,† â€Å"truth,† and â€Å"justice†) which plays a primarily polemical as well as a normative role in our conversati ons, despite the â€Å"descriptive† characterizations that are readily available in behavioral theory and the social sciences. The question is how the term is being used in any particular context and what distinctions are being made –for often the real message is political and not merely conceptual and conveyed only by implication. (qtd.By Solomon) With arguments such as this one it brings us back to the original debate. Who is to decide what is rational? For one person might think something is a great idea when in reality it might not be, but at the same time still remain it remains a decisions in which it will not tip the scale in either moral direction. As we probably could assume from the beginning, these questions are probably best if left unanswered. They complexity of trying to find the â€Å"true meaning† of life is far too great a task for someone of our caliber to judge.The best thing that we can do as a society is stick together and apply our best tra its to create a harmonious place for us to develop and live in. The one thing that is irrefutable would have to be the undeniable fact that if we live our lives in the best way we can while making the best decisions within society’s judgment, we can’t really go wrong, and if Nagel had one thing right, it was that our time on this earth is short, so we might as well take advantage of the things we’ve been blessed with and live life to the fullest.

Teaching in Urban Districts

The main form of interaction that goes on in schools is between the teachers and the students. Some of the students are difficult or unruly and they present many difficulties for the teachers as the teachers cannot then organize the class and provide the level of quality education that they are capable of. Disruptive students require more attention from teachers and this stops teachers from giving adequate attention to the rest of the class. There are many behavioral problems with students, but there is no method of dealing with such students in United States. Even the solution that can be achieved through disciplinary action has to be determined by the local school board, and then those decisions will have to be implemented by the teachers and the principal. One of the methods through which this can be done is the student parent handbook which is distributed to the students for giving to parents. This may give details of actions that would be taken by the teachers and the principal of the school, if the student does not live up to the expectations of the school and in the class. Other schools even give full details of the punishment that the student may be given when there is any infraction by the student of the rules of the school. (Teachers' Relationships) At the same time, all punishments that are given are felt to be the responsibility of the teacher, by the student and the families of the students. This brings us to the next level as we have to determine the type of punishment that can be given to the students. The limits of this range from verbal warnings to in-school suspensions, and when the student crosses limits of behavior, then the general recommendation is an out of school suspension. At the same time, some students are repeat offenders, and their punishment increases with the number of times they have caused an offense. The system of punishing students and still retaining them in the same school has now been questioned by some educationists, who have suggested that alternative schools be set up for them. This will permit the ordinary schools on teaching of students who have a lot of desire to learn. Another group has suggested that punishments start earlier, from primary school, and the punishments should be clarified with a clear system. The problem is that the parents are not aware of all these systems of the school, as they only go through the written material that they receive from schools and even that in a cursory manner. These do not make them respond and thus the parents' point of view remains unknown. The parents meet and talk to the school authorities only during formal occasions like school open houses and teacher conferences, and at these occasions, most participants are reserved. It is possible for both teachers and parents to set up other meetings, but that action is taken only when the concerned student has problems regarding progress. Even during the process of their training, teachers do not receive much training regarding interaction with parents. As is well known, training for becoming teachers takes place in colleges of education based in universities. The individuals who want to become teachers join up courses for both academic learning as also for courses in education. The combination is expected to teach them both the methods of teaching as also the contents that they desire to teach the students. On joining up for the first time, the students are expected to undergo a period of teaching students. There are some individuals who feel that a teacher who is still in the learning process should be left alone with students, others take the view that it may be better if they are supported by an experienced teacher during the first few weeks of teaching that they undertake. (Teachers' Relationships) (1) The teacher also faces different challenges and those depend on the environment where they start teaching. Schools in urban areas are not individual schools, but are part of a large bureaucracy that is not able to act fast in response to the needs of the schools. These schools generally do not have many resources, and even the buildings are in poor condition in many cases. From outside the school, the environment within the school may be affected by gang activity, drug availability and usage on a large scale and there being a lack of community structure. Students who are coming to the school are burdened not only with educational requirements, but also carry the burden of poverty, hunger and poor housing. There is a feeling among the parents, teachers, principals and students that the school they are concerned with is something special and separate. This can be said to be the tone, climate or ethos of the school, and those seem to be related to all activities that are connected with the school. (NCREL Monograph: Building Collaborative Cultures) This is a unique quality, a special school culture. This has an effect on the way they act, on how they dress, or even what they are continuously talking about or what they will never talk of. It also determines whether they seek help from others or they do not seek help. This culture of the school is built up of different norms, values, beliefs and assumptions and rituals. These are built up over time as teachers, students, parents and administrators have worked together, or dealt with crises and developed their own unstated expectations for interactions and methods of working together. On the other side there are some schools which remain as isolated places for working and there the teachers are left alone. They work alone in their rooms, and have little interaction with their colleagues. They keep the problems that they face to themselves. When one sees these schools, the teachers are islands – they feel a gulf of separation from each other, seldom talk to other teachers, or share their points of view in terms of the profession or even solving their problems. (NCREL Monograph: Building Collaborative Cultures) The urban districts have schools which have had a much longer period of development than new schools which have come up in the suburban areas. This makes their cultural situation much more rigid, and any teacher has to adapt to them. After their graduation from college and getting the necessary qualifications required to become a teacher, most of the teachers still end up working in isolation. The teachers do not get enough time to work along with other teachers, and this is happening even now when there are a lot of efforts being made to get greater involvement of the teachers. There are new efforts to improve the general quality of individuals who join as teachers. The effort is through a compulsory renewal of certificates needed for teaching, creating programs where the teachers will all have mentors and general improvement of their salaries and working conditions. The process of improvement and this is through decisions taken at the school itself. It becomes the responsibility of the teachers in the schools to have a plan for improvement of the school. That will set up objectives for the school and give the teachers a greater say in the methods of running the school. It is possible to have new methods of instruction like teaching in teams, cooperative learning and individualized instruction through the use of computers. There are also other ways through which the performance of teachers can be evaluated. The implementation of these methods encourages the teachers to help their students achieve new state level standards that have been set up. (Teachers' Relationships) It is clear that schools where there is not enough satisfaction for the teachers will ultimately result in their leaving the school. It is not correct to say that low incentives are the main reason for their departure. In the city schools the teachers end up getting a salary less than they get in the schools of the suburbs, but that is not the main reason why they leave the school. There are many teachers who leave the school as they feel that they have not been getting enough support from the school administration. Within the school there are many intrusions during the time given for teaching in the class, there are a lot of problems of discipline of the students, and the teachers do not get a say as to how the school will be run. (Why Do High-Poverty Schools Have Difficulty Staffing Their Classrooms with Qualified Teachers? ) The degree of autonomy that is available to teachers in schools varies to a large extent. There are schools where the teachers have had the greatest role in development of the curricula and also helped the new teachers understand the curricula. On the other side, there are many schools where the teachers had to work with books that had been purchased and teach from them. There are a lot of differences within the teachers themselves which make the entire process even more difficult. A team of teachers from one district selected new mathematics and science curricula, but other teachers found that this curriculum of science was too difficult for the students. Teachers in another school were given a time of half a day for setting out the grade level objectives, but the teachers found the time to be too short and this was done only once. The teachers were not able to make plans that satisfied their desires. The involvement and satisfaction is different from school to school. The only matter that teachers seem to agree on is regarding their opinion of conditions which are suitable for teaching. The teachers are in favor of more flexible schedules, increase in resources for teaching and more assistance for teachers. There was also a difference in accountability and teachers in low income areas are generally ones to face the greatest demand for accountability and the greatest challenges. Certainly the level demanded from them was higher than was demanded from teachers in middle and high income areas. (2) We are facing a failure to ensure that classrooms in the country are filled with quality teachers, and this is more acute as the situation is the worst in disadvantaged schools. In general people say that the lack of teachers is the reason for this shortage. Why Do High-Poverty Schools Have Difficulty Staffing Their Classrooms with Qualified Teachers? ) The reasons for this shortage are ascribed to recent retirements of a large number of teachers and also due to a large increase in enrolment of students. This makes it even more difficult for schools in poor districts to get an adequate number of trained teachers. These school districts are in the urban areas and as a result of this shortage, these schools end up with a large number of under-qualified teachers. This lack of sufficient teachers is felt to be the main reason for the lack of proper education and building of careers of the students from these schools, and these students are in general from poor communities. All these factors are known to the authorities and they have tried to respond by the supply of an increase in the number of teachers to these schools. This has resulted in a lot of efforts to recruit new teachers in these schools, during the recent years. The greatest stress is on schools which are in disadvantaged settings. On further analysis of the data, it is seen that the staffing problems in these schools is not due to a lack of teachers, and what one is trying to say is that they are not suffering from a lack of adequately qualified teachers. The data clearly shows that the problems in staffing of the schools come from a ‘revolving door' that exists in these schools. This means that teachers join and then leave these schools within a short period, and the reason for their leaving the school is not retirement. The data shows that public schools in high poverty area, in urban communities leave about a fifth of their teachers every year! Why Do High-Poverty Schools Have Difficulty Staffing Their Classrooms with Qualified Teachers? ) These results show that the entire staff of the school could be lost within a very short period. The reason for the departure of these teachers is also in part due to the lack of involvement of the parents in the teaching process. Most of the residents in these areas are African American and Latino. The parents from these groups feel that the faculty in the local elementary school is biased against them. This is the reason that the parents state as being the cause for their non-participation in the school activities. Why Urban Parents Resist Involvement in their Children's Elementary Education) The parents clearly mention that they would work only with teachers who respect and value their children. This causes great difficulty for experienced teachers as they are aware of the value of the participation by parents. Help from the parents was thought to be essential for good education, and this was taken for granted by teachers. Teachers felt parents supported their efforts and expectations for education of children. Today the situation in the cities has changed due to different family arrangement and socio-cultural differences between the teachers and the students with their families. The differences between them arise as the students and their families suffer from poverty, racism, language and cultural differences. The parents feel that the system has been prepared for the education of children from middle class and white families. This is bound to happen as the family has to feel that they have an important role in the education of their children. When the parents are from the middle class, then the parents feel that they have a duty in assisting the school for education of their children. On the other hand when the family is from the low income group, then the parents feel that it is the responsibility of the school to educate children. The thoughts of the parents regarding their own responsibility also make the parents visit the school and participate in all activities of the school. Of course to an extent, it also depends on the attitude of the school and some schools make the parents feel comfortable and at home in the school. Teachers in the urban centers often are not aware of the ethnicities and culture of the students they teach, and they have to learn this to be able to reverse the resistance of the family to involvement with school education. In many cities there have been changes over the years. Many of the cities were dominated by industry earlier, but due to development, the industries are no longer functioning from those cities. With the close of the factories, there were closure of supporting activities like restaurants and department stores. The population of the cities also declined from 100,000 earlier to about 60,000 now. Why Urban Parents Resist Involvement in their Children's Elementary Education) While the population has dropped, there was a growth in different races in the city – African American and Latinos. The main school is located where the downtown area used to be. Within a range of one block are high rise public housing buildings which are home to four hundred families. Ninety-five percent of the children living there are from the two communities mentioned earlier. This means that the school will have to interact with these communities. The change in situation had led the city school district to have total integration of its elementary schools. Thus the elementary school serving the public housing building has now got all low-income and colored children. As a solution, the district had to send the children on a bus to the affluent elementary school situated on the hill which has a middle class neighborhood. (Why Urban Parents Resist Involvement in their Children's Elementary Education) The school may have better facilities, but will the parents like it? The number of teachers from the minorities is falling. In 1974, 12. 5% of all full time teachers were African American, and today the number is down to 11 percent. This makes it possible that some students complete school without coming in touch with a minority community teacher. The minorities certainly have better career choices now, but even in teaching they feel that get low salaries and occupational prestige. (Increasing Minority Participation in the Teaching Profession) Thus teaching as a profession is not being liked. (3) It is clear that teaching in urban areas is not liked as it considered difficult to teach there. The schools have wide racial diversity among the students, little supply of materials required to teach, high demands from the bureaucrats that have to be met, low involvement of the parents in the school, and finally, low salaries. These are the reasons why suburban schools find it easier to get teachers as they are able to provide more resources, greater flexibility in the areas of teaching, and finally, better pay. (Teachers' Relationships) The solution to the problem is not that city schools recruit more teachers, which they have to do as they do not have enough teachers now. They have to find ways and means to stop the teachers from leaving the profession. It is very important that the teacher's ability to employ positive behavior intervention and support in the classroom is taken up. When the teacher has defects in terms of skills, the results will appear in the poor results from students who are concerned with the teacher. (Strengthening Emotional Support Services) The schools have to make sure that all students are taught by qualified teachers and this is what makes them worry about retaining the teachers on their roles.